honor是什么牌子手机| 腺肌症有什么症状表现| 小儿支气管炎咳嗽吃什么药好得快| 阴唇肿是什么原因| 什么是碱性磷酸酶| 和尚命是什么意思| 小腿痒是什么原因| 尿结晶高是什么原因| 威海是什么海| 文殊菩萨是保佑什么的| 为什么叫六小龄童| 什么颜色防晒| 肛瘘不治疗有什么后果| 48岁属什么生肖| 孩子脾虚内热大便干吃什么药| 巨蟹座喜欢什么星座| 甲壳虫吃什么食物| 神经衰弱挂什么科| 对方忙线中什么意思| 头晕是什么感觉| 步兵什么意思| otc是什么| 小麦什么时候播种| 医德是什么| 米索前列醇片是什么药| 什么叫外阴白斑| act是什么意思| 晚上9点是什么时辰| 美美哒什么意思| 梨子什么时候成熟| 蚊虫叮咬过敏用什么药| 为什么会长溃疡| 女人阳虚吃什么药效果最好| 飒什么意思| 死库水什么意思| 乳晕是什么| 腹水是什么症状| 雍是什么意思| 快的反义词是什么| 白细胞高说明什么问题| 柳下惠姓什么| 皮肤黑适合什么颜色的衣服| 95年五行属什么| 白佛言是什么意思| 肚子左侧是什么器官| 晶莹的近义词是什么| 什么是红外线| 关节炎有什么症状| 大连机场叫什么| 经常跑步对身体有什么好处| 凌晨十二点是什么时辰| 朔望月是什么意思| 尿蛋白定量是什么意思| 白细胞低是什么原因| 肿瘤标志物高说明什么| atp是什么意思| 双相情感障碍吃什么药| 核准是什么意思| 有脚气是什么原因引起的| 五六月份是什么星座| 便秘吃什么| 什么叫假性发烧| 印泥用什么能洗掉| 梦见蜘蛛网是什么意思| 去疤痕挂什么科| 胆经不通吃什么中成药| 安陵容为什么叫安小鸟| ts代表什么| 尿渗透压低是什么原因| marmot什么牌子| 动物的耳朵有什么作用| 学是什么偏旁| 山东济南有什么好玩的地方| 回族不能吃什么肉| 空窗期是什么意思| 冬菜是什么菜| 白细胞wbc偏高是什么意思| 豁出去了什么意思| 芒果与什么食物相克| 消化不好吃什么| 农历八月十三是什么星座| 陀飞轮是什么意思| 胃气上逆有什么好的办法治疗| 什么是双向情感障碍| 孕早期需要注意什么| 尿频尿多吃什么药好| 痛风要吃什么药好得快| bhp是什么单位| 木加石读什么| 六畜兴旺是什么意思| 人活一辈子到底为了什么| 什么鹦鹉说话能力最强| 梦到蝴蝶代表什么预兆| 舌头痛吃什么药好| 菜心又叫什么菜| 痔疮什么症状| 厚颜无耻是什么意思| 过敏有什么症状表现| 口里发酸是什么原因| 书店买不到的书是什么书| 月子餐吃什么| 胎儿没有胎心是什么原因| 奉子成婚是什么意思| 麻酱是什么做的| 什么叫脑白质病变| 为什么突然长癣了| 什么样的空气| 你最喜欢的食物是什么| 手指伸不直是什么原因| 军统是什么| 萎缩性胃炎吃什么药| 婴儿游泳有什么好处和坏处| 二次元谷子是什么意思| 蟾蜍是什么动物| ige是什么| 晚上睡不着觉什么原因| 西药是用什么材料做的| 520是什么节日| 药流吃什么药| 准生证有什么用| 次第花开是什么意思| 牛仔裤配什么上衣| 喉结下面是什么部位| 细菌性肺炎吃什么药| 橘红是什么| 软肋是什么意思| 宫颈息肉是什么原因引起的| 叩拜是什么意思| 免疫缺陷是什么意思| 什么人容易得心理疾病| 前置是什么意思| 卵巢囊性占位是什么意思| 脾虚吃什么好| 手淫是什么意思| 埃及是什么人种| 合寿木是什么意思| 老是放臭屁是什么原因| 逻辑性是什么意思| 血压低有什么危害| 但闻人语响的但是什么意思| 科颜氏属于什么档次| 月经是黑色的是什么原因| 心胆气虚吃什么中成药| 双肾盂是什么意思| 边字是什么结构| 滑膜炎吃什么药能治好| 什么是有机磷农药| 人为什么打呼噜| 脚痛什么原因引起的| 京畿是什么意思| 来大姨妈喝什么最好| 曹操的父亲叫什么名字| 一国两制什么时候提出的| 蛟龙是什么| 百依百顺是什么生肖| 会车什么意思| 排骨汤里放什么食材好| 春秋大梦是什么意思| co2cp在医学上是什么| 滚刀什么意思| 手指头麻是什么原因引起的| 什么是有限公司| 手指肚发红是什么原因| 湿气重吃什么药最有效| 同人小说是什么| 后壁和前壁有什么区别| 宝宝益生菌什么时候吃最好| 阑尾疼吃什么药| 湿疹为什么要查肝功能| 心机什么意思| 做三明治需要什么材料| hpv病毒是什么病毒| 煞是什么意思| 71年的猪是什么命| 病理检查是什么意思| 十年粤语版叫什么名字| 自欺欺人是什么生肖| 来月经量少吃什么可以增加月经量| 抄送和密送是什么意思| 新疆有什么水果| 葳蕤是什么意思| 冠脉ct能检查出什么| 人生开挂是什么意思| 摩羯座跟什么星座最配| 家里为什么会有跳蚤| 为什么叫买东西不叫买南北| 骨骼惊奇什么意思| 砚台是什么| 视力模糊是什么原因引起的| 彬字五行属什么| 教师节贺卡上写什么| 每天早上起来口苦是什么原因| 耳朵响是什么原因| 争辩的近义词是什么| 前列腺炎吃什么中药| 乙肝两对半45阳性是什么意思| 醒酒喝什么| 清关是什么| 什么去甲醛最快有效| 什么病可以申请低保| 翼龙吃什么食物| 螳螂是什么生肖| 吃二甲双胍为什么会瘦| 耳朵一直痒是什么原因| 毕业答辩是什么| 护照办理需要什么材料| 皮蛋和什么不能一起吃| 绘本是什么意思| 爬虫是什么| 什么是抗原| 表水是什么意思| 吃栗子有什么好处| 人活在世上的意义是什么| zoom是什么意思| 吃什么让月经量增多| 散瞳是什么意思| 天津五行属什么| 绕梁三日是什么意思| 头经常晕是什么原因| 耳毛念什么| 心理活动是什么意思| 6月18是什么日子| 食色性也是什么意思| 炮制是什么意思| 沼泽是什么意思| 乘风破浪什么意思| 欧尼什么意思| 淋巴细胞浸润是什么意思| 口若悬河是指什么生肖| 梦见猪下崽预兆什么| 早餐有什么| 不速之客的速是什么意思| 达字五行属什么| 木加鬼念什么| 抚今追昔的意思是什么| 臻字五行属什么| 在减肥期间吃什么最好| 水肿是什么| 五常法指的是什么| 高炮是什么| 失眠吃什么药最好| 痛风能吃什么东西| 子宫复旧是什么意思| 颈椎退行性变是什么意思| 纤维素纤维是什么面料| 胪是什么意思| 头疼发热是什么原因| 五一广场有什么好玩的| 什么颜色加什么颜色等于什么颜色| 58岁属什么生肖| 主见是什么意思| 9月10号是什么星座| 下嘴唇溃疡是什么原因| 血压为什么晚上高| 机械性窒息死亡是什么意思| 醒酒汤是什么| 卵巢早衰是什么意思| 非布司他片是什么药| 皮肤过敏吃什么药| 改姓需要什么手续| 脚底有痣代表什么意思| 给老师送花送什么花合适| 月经为什么来了一点又不来了| 中秋节送什么水果好| 百度???? ??

海滨街道全面部署迎接创模国家技术评估考核工作

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百度 HeightCapitalMarkets的克莱顿·艾伦则认为，预计特朗普的政策雷声大雨点小，特朗普的目标是获得谈判筹码。

??? ?? ???(Halloween, Hallowe'en),[7][8] ???? ????(Allhalloween),[9] ??? ??(All Hallows' Eve,[10] All Saints' Eve[11])? ?? ???? ??? ??? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????,[12] ????? ??, ???, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????.[3][13][14][15] ?????? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???.[16]

? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.[17][18][19][20] ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????.[21] ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??.[22][23][24][25] ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? 19??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????,[26][27] ?? ??? ???? 20?? ??? 21?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[16][28]

???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???(?? ?? ??? ???? ???), ??? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ???, ?? ??, ??? ??, ????, ??? ? ??, ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??.[29] ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????,[30][31][32] ?? ????? ???? ????.[33][34][35] ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????, ? ??? ? ???? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??.[36][37][38][39]

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??????? Halloween ??? ??? ??? ????.

??? ?? ???(Halloween, Hallowe'en, "??? ??"[40])??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???,[41][42] ?? ???? ??? ? ??? "??? ??"(All Hallows Eve)? ??? ????.[43] ???(hallowe[']en)??? ??? ? ??? ??(All Hallows' Eve, ??? ?? ??)? ?????? ???? ?????,[44] ??(even)? "??"(eve)? "???"(evening)? ???? ??????? "?"(e'en ?? een)?? ?????.[45] ??? (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en? ???(Hallowe'en)? ???.

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???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.[46][23] ?? ?? '???'(Halloween)? 11? 1? ???? 11? 2? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? "? ??? ??"(All Hallows' Eve)?? ????.[47] ?? ?? ????[48] ???? ?? ??(???, ???, ??? ?)? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??????.[49][46] ? ??? ???? ??? ??(Allhallowtide)?? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.[50] 4?? ??? ?????? 5? 13?? ??????, 609? 5? 13?? ?? ????? 4?? ??? ???? "?? ???? ?? ???"? ?? ???? ?????.[51] ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????.[52]

8??? ?? ????? 3?(?? 731?~741?)? ? ??? ???? "??? ???? ?? ??, ???, ????? ??"? ?? ??? ???.[46][53] ?? ???? 11? 1?? ?????? ??,[54] ?? ???? 732? 4? ????? ?????? ??.[55][56] 800???? ?????[57] ?????? ???? 11? 1?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??.[58] ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? 11? 1? ??? ???? ? ??.[59] 835??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???.[58] ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????,[58] ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ??.[60] ??? ??? '????' ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??.[58][60] ?? "??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ? ???"? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ????.[61][46]

?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????.[62] ?: ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??: ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??.

12?? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?? "?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?"? ?????.[63] ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???[64] ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??.[65] ? ??? ??? 15???? ??? ????[66] ????, ???, ????, ????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????.[67] ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???? ?? ??, ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? "???"(souling, ?? ??)??? ???.[66][68][69] ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????,[67] '???? ???'? ??? ??? ??? ??.[70] ???? ? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ???? ????? ????.[71]

?????? 《???? ? ??》(1593?)?? ???? ????.[72] ???? ?? ?? ?????? "?? ?? ??? ?? ??"? ?? ????, ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??.[73][74] ????? ??? ???? ? ?????.[75][76] 19???? ????,[77] ????, ????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???, ?? "??? ?"?? ????[78] "???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????" ??? ??.[79] ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??.[78] ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???[67] ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????,[78] ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????.[80][78]

??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???. "????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????."[81] ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??.[82][83] ????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???.[84] ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ??.[85] ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? "? ?? ? ?, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???"? ???? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????.[86] ????? ???? ???? ????? 《? ????? ???》(The New Cambridge Medieval History)?? ??? ??? ??????? "?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??"? ????? ??.[87] ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? "?? ????? ??? ??"???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??.[88][89][90][73]

????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? "????" ???? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????, ???? "???? ??? ???? ???? ??" ?? ???? ???.[91] ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. "??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ??. ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????."[92] ?? ?????? ??(????? ?)? ??? ?? ??? ???.[93] ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ??.[47][94] ???? ?? ? ? ???? ????.[95] ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? "??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???"? ??.[96]

1605? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?(11? 5?)? ?????, ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.[97] ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??? ????. 18~19?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???. ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ? ??? ???(teen'lay)?? ???.[98] ??????? ??? ??? ???, ?????? '??' ?? ??? ??? ???.[99] ??? ? '??'? ?? "??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??" ???? ????.[100] ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ????, "?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??"?? ????? ???? ????.[26]

15???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[80] 19?? ??????? ???? ???? "???? ???? ???? ????? ??"???, "????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??"???.[80] 1823? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[80] ?? ???? "?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ???."[80] ?????? ???? "??? ?"(huesos de santo)?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???.[101] ???? ???, ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???.[102] 19?? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, ? ???? "?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??"? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????.[103]

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???? ????? ???????? ??? 20?? ? ????? ??? ??

???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????, ? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[104] ???? ? ???? "???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????"? ??.[105] ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??.[106]

???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???, ????, ?????, ???? 10? 31??? 11? 1??? ?????.[107][108][109] ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?????? "?? ???"(Calan Gaeaf), ????? "?? ??"(Kalan Gwav), ??????? "?? ????"(Kalan Goa?v)? ????, ? ??? "??? ??"? ????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? 11? 1? ?? ??? ????.[110] ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????. ? ???? ????? 19????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???,[111] ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????.

??? ????? 1833?? ?? 《?? ??? ?, ?? ??? ??》? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[112]

???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? '??? ??'? ??? ????.[113][114] ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? '??' ?? '??'? ???? ???? ? ??? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????.[115][116] ???? ???? ??? "??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? [...] ?? ??? ??? ??"?? ??.[117] ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???.[118][119] ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ??. ??? ??, ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???.[120][121][122] ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??.[123] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.[124] ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.[67] 19?? ??????? "??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???. ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????."[125]

????? ?? ??, ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[126] ??? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ??, ??? ??, ???? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??? ???.[127] ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??, ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[113] ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[111] ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????,[124][128][129] ???? ?? ???? ?????.[75] ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.[130] ?????? "?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??" ???? ???.[131] ?? ? ????? "??? ????" ??? ??.[132]

A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip
???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??(???, ????) ??? ?? ??[133]

??? 16????[134] ????, ?????, ??, ?????? ??? ??(mumming)? ???(guising)? ??????,[135] ???? ??? ??(?? ????) ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ???, '???'? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????.[136] ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????. "??? ?"(Láir Bhán, ? ??)?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? - ??? ???? ??? ??? - ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? "? ??"(Muck Olla)??? ??? ??? ? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.[137] ???????? ????? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.[135] F. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.[134] ???? ?? ????? ???? "?????"(gwrachod)?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.[135] 19?? ??? 20?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???.[135]

??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ????? "???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ? ???."[135] ??? 18???? "???? ???? ???? ?"? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? 20??? ???? ????? ???.[135] ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???.[135] ?? ?? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?????[135] ??? ???? ? ?????? ??.[138][139] 19??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????,[135] ???(?? ??? ??)??? ? ? ???. 20???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???.[135]

???? ??

[??]
1916? ?? ?? 《??? ?????》? "???? ??" ??

??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? "?? ???? ??? ??? ????"? ???,[140][141] ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ????.[142] 18?? ??? 19?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???.[26]

?????? ???? ??? ??? ?

19??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.[26] ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????,[27][143] "??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???. ???? ??? ?? ?? ????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??."[144] ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ???? 20?? ??? ?? ???, ???, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???.[145] ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? 20?? ??? 21?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????.[28][16][146]

??

[??]
????? ??, ??, ???, ??, ?? ? ????? ??? ???? ??, ????, ?? ??? ????.

???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???.[74][147] ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???,[148] ??????? ??? "??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??"? ????? ??.[149]

?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?, ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???. ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ??.[150]

????, ?????, ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????,[151][152] ?????? ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ???.[151] ??? ???? ??? ??? 1837?? ???? ???,[153] ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 19?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????.[154]

????? ?? ??? ??? ? "???"(1785?)? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??, ?? ? ?? ?? ??(《??????, ?? ??? ??????》? 《????》? ?? ???)? 《??????》(1931?)? 《???》(1932?) ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????.[155][156] ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? "??? ??? ???? ????? ?"??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????.[157] ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??.[158] ????? ??? ??? "???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??"????, ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????.[159] ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ???, ?? 1780?? ???? ?? - "??? ???? ????!" - ? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? - "???"(???)[160] - ? ?????, ?? ??? ??? "???"(1785?)? ??? ???.[161] ??, ??? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??, ?, ?? ? ??? ??? ????.[162] ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????. ???, ???, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????.[163]

?? ?? ???? ???

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????.
???? ?? ?? ??? ???

?? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? "?? ?? ????"(Trick or treat?)?? ???, ??, ???, ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? "??"(trick)??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? "??"(threat)? ??? ????.[65] ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??.[164] ? ?? "?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????"? ????.[165] ??? ???? ??? ??, ?????, ??? ??, ??? ? ??? ?? ??.[166][167] ??, ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????[168] ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? "??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??" ??? ???.[169]

1928? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??. ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???.

????? ?? ????[170] 1930????[171] ???? ???(souling)??? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???[94] ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.[68] ?????? ??? ??? ??????(Pangangaluluwa)?? ??, ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.[29] ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???, ? ??? ??? ??? ???.[29]

?????? ??????? ???(guising)?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??.[172] 1895? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??, ?? ???? ??? ??.[152][173] ??????? 2000???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? "??? ??? ?????!"(Help the Halloween Party)??.[172] ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? 1911???, ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? "???"? ??? ????.[174]

??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? 《???? ?》(The Book of Hallowe'en, 1919?)? ?????, "??? ???"(Hallowe'en in America) ??? ???? ????.[175] ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???. "????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???."[176]

???? "???"? ?? ? ??? 1911?? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? 1915?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ? ?? ??? 1920? ????? ???.[177] "?? ?? ???"?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? 1927? ??? ????? 《??? ???》(Blackie Herald)????.[178]

????? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???

20?? ??? 1920?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???.[179] ?? ?? ???? 1930??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ????, ????? ? ??? 1934?? ?? ?????,[180] ???? ????? 1939?? ?? ?????.[181]

?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???[trunk-or-treating, ?? ??? ?????(Halloween tailgating)]? "?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??"??.[101][182] ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ???(??)? ??? ??, ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ????.[183][184] ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???, "??? 800??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????"? ??? ??? ???? ??.[185][186]

??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ??? ?????.
????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??

??? ??? ????? ???, ??, ??, ??? ??? ??, ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????.[65] ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ???, ???, ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.

19?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?? "???"(guising)? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???.[152] ????? ??? "???"? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????.[173] ????? ???????? ??? ??? '?? ??'(false faces)??? ???,[41][187] 1890? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????. "?????? ? ???... ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???."[41] ????? 20?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, 1920??? 1930??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????.[178][188]

?? J. ???? ??? ?? 《???, ??? ??? ??》(Halloween, Hallowed is Thy Name)?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????, "?? ???? ???? ??? ???" ???? ?????? ???? "???? ?? ? ??? ????" ??? ??? ? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? '??? ??'(??? ????)?? ???? ???? ?????.[189][190]

??? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.

"????? ?? ?? ?? ???"? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????.[65] 1950? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? 1952?? ????? ??? ? ????? ??(?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????)? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ???. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? 1? 1,800? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?????? 2006?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????.[191][192]

?? ?? ??? ??? ????? 1974?? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????, 6? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? 2?? ?? ??, ??? ? ?? TV ????? ?????.[193]

2010?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??.[194][195][196]

???? ??

[??]

???????? 2018? ???? ???, 2018?? 3?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? 4? 8?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? 2010?? ???? 2? ???? ??? ????. ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ? ???? ???, ? ??? ??? ??.[197]

??? ??

[??]
1904?? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ? ??? ???? ??.

???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??. ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??, ??, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? "?? ???" ??? ??? ?? ????? "??"?? ???.[198] ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? "?? ??? ???? ??"? ???.[126] ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ?????.[199] ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????.[65]

???? ?? ??? ?? ???

??? ???? 17-20?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??. ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??(apple bobbing ?? dunking, ???????? "??"???? ?[200])??, ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??. ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??. ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??. ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[201]

?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? 《???? ?》(Book of Hallowe'en, 1919?)? ???

????? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??. ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???, ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???.[202][203] ? ???? ? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ????.[204][205] ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??.[206] ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???.[207] ? ??? 19?? ?? 20?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???.[208]

? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? '????'(púicíní , "????")? ??? ???. ? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ? ??? ??, ??? ??? 1? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??? ? ??, ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ??(??, ??, ??? ?? ? ??), ??? ??? ? ??, ?? ??? ?? ????.[209][210][211][212] ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? 《??》(Clay, 1914?)?? ???? ????.[213][214][215]

2020? ???? ???(??? ??? ??? ??)

????? ???????? ?? ???, ???, ????, ??, ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??, ??? ???, ??? ?? ????.[216]

19???? ?????, ???, ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??.[111] ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??(?????)? ????? ????.[217]

?? ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??(??? ?? ???? ???? ?)? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.

??? ?

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ??? ? (????)???.
?????? ? ? ?? ?? ????? ???
??? ??? ???? 25??? ?? ????? ?? ?

??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?, ??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???[218] ???, ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????.

??? ??? ??? ??? ?? 1915? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????. ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????.[219][220] ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.

???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 1930???, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. 1950?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? 1957?? ?? ???. ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 1958?? ?? ???. 1962?? 1963??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????. 1964??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???.[221]

?? ??? ????? ??? ?? 1969? 8? 12? ?????? ?? ? ??? ??(???)? ???? ???? ???.[222] ?????? 1973?? ?? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????.[223] ???? ?????? 1972?? ??? "? ???"(hell house, ??? ?) ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ????.[224]

??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? 1970? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? AM ??? ???? WSAI? ?? ????. ? ??? ?? 1982??? ?????.[225] ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???? 1976?? "?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?"(Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes)? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. 1980?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??.[226]

1984? 5? 11? ??, ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ? ??? 8?? ???? ??? ???.[227] ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ???, ??? ? ? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ???.[228][229] ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ??.[230][231][232]

1980?? ??? 1990?? ??, ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? ???? ???? 1986?, ???? ???? ????? 1991?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? 1990??? ???? ????. ?????? ? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ??. ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ???? ??? ??, ??, ??? ??????? ??? ? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??.[233] ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????.[234]

??

[??]
??? ??? ???????

??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????, ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[235]

?? ??

????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??(?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???), ??? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.

?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.[236] ??? ???? ??? ??? ???,[237] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???. ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?, ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? X? ?????? ??. ??? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[238]

?? ?????? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ?(?? ???? ? ?? ???? ?)??, ?? ??? ?? ????, ???? ?? ??? ??, ??, ?? ???? ???.[239] ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.[239] ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??. ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ??(?? ??? ??)? ????.[240]

??, ???, ??? ? ?, ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??.

???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??(????? ???, ???, ???)? ???? ????. ?? ?? ???? ??, ??, ?? ?? ?? ??.[241][242][243]

???? ??? ?? ??:

??? ??

[??]
??? ??(???)? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??.

???(??? ??)? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????.[244] ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ???.[245]

????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???. ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.[246] ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??(Vigil of All Hallows) ?? ??? ?? ??(Vigil of All Saints)? ??? ??.[247][248] '?? ?'(Night of Light)??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??.[249][250] ?? ??? "??? ??? ??"? ????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????.[251][252] ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[253] ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? "????"(valomeri) ?? "?? ??"?? ???.[254]

??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??

??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????.[255][256] ??? ???? ??, ??, ?? ?? ?? ????.[1]

? ??? ? ???, ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???. ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ??. —??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???[257]

???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??

?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???.[258] ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? 95?? ???? ????? ???? ????.[259] ?? ??? ???? "???" ?? "?????"? ???, ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ????.[260] ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? 3?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???.[261] ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[262][263]

?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???

?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????, ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???.[264] ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? "??? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??"? ???.[265] ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? "?? ??"? ???? ??.[266] ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????.[267] ??? ??? ? ???? ???? "??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?"? ?? ???? ??.[268]

?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????,[269][270] ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??.[271][272] ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? "? ???"? ?? ???? ???? ????.[273] ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??.[274] ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????(?? ??)? ??? ????.[275]

?? ?? ??? ??

[??]

???

[??]

???? J. ???? 《???? ?? ? ?? ?》(Second Jewish Book of Why)? ???, ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? 18? 3?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ????? ? ?? ? ? ???? ????? ????, "????? ??? ??" ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.[276] ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????.[277] ??? ?? ??? ????? "?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ??"? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??.[278] ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??.[279]

????

[??]

《??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???》(Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam)? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? "??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ? ???... ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ??"? ???.[280] ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??(??)??? ????? "???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????"? ???.[281][282] ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? '??'(??)? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???.[283]

???

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?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ? ?? ?? ?????? "???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??" ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????, ?? 9? ????.[284] ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????.[285] ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? "??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????"? ??? ? ??? ????.[286]

???

[??]

??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? 11? 1?? ???? ???,[287] ?? ?????? "???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ??"? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ???? "???? ??? ???"? ??? ??? ????,[288] "?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???".[289] 《????》? "?????? 10? 31?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???. ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? - ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ????"?? ?? ??.[287]

???

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  1. ↑ ? ? ? “BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve”. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. 2011? 11? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 11? 1?? ???. It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church.... All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en. ...However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain ... 
  2. ↑ “Halloween” (??). Anglican Diocese of Worcester. 2020? 10? 20?. 2023? 11? 2?? ???. the word Halloween means ‘holy evening’ and comes from All Hallow’s Eve? Traditionally it is the fast day before the feast days of All Saints (1 Nov) and All Souls (2 Nov) which are opportunities to celebrate the saints and remember those who have departed this life. 
  3. ↑ ? ? Hughes, Rebekkah (2014? 10? 29?). “Happy Hallowe'en Surrey!” (PDF). 《The Stag》 (University of Surrey). 1?. 2015? 11? 19?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2015? 10? 31?? ???. Halloween or Hallowe'en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians. 
  4. ↑ 〈Service for All Hallows' Eve〉. 《The Book of Occasional Services 2003》. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. 108?. ISBN 978-0-89869-409-3. This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows' Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place. 
  5. ↑ Anne E. Kitch (2004). 《The Anglican Family Prayer Book》. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2565-8. 2017? 1? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 10? 31?? ???. All Hallow's Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints' Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival. 
  6. ↑ 《The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide》. Paulist Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8091-4414-3. 2017? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 10? 31?? ???. Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints' Day. 
  7. ↑ Lindsay, Sandy (2023? 10? 30?). “Hallowe'en is a spooktacular event for the Goodfellows”. 《Saugeen Times》. 2023? 11? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 11? 25?? ???. 
  8. ↑ Max, Christina (2023? 10? 26?). “Local haunted houses to explore this Hallowe'en”. 《The Wetaskiwin Times》. 2023? 11? 25?? ???. 
  9. ↑ Palmer, Abram Smythe (1882). 《Folk-etymology》. Johnson Reprint. 6?. 
  10. ↑ Elwell, Walter A. (2001). 《Evangelical Dictionary of Theology》 (??). Baker Academic. 533?. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9. Halloween (All Hallows Eve). The name given to October 31, the eve of the Christian festival of All Saints Day (November 1). 
  11. ↑ “NEDCO Producers' Guide”. 31–33. Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation. 1973. Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints' Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints' Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening. 
  12. ↑ “Tudor Hallowtide”. National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. 2012. 2014? 10? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe'en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls). 
  13. ↑ Davis, Kenneth C. (2009? 12? 29?). 《Don't Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned》 (??). HarperCollins. 231?. ISBN 978-0-06-192575-7. 
  14. ↑ “All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of”. 2022? 11? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 11? 1?? ???. 
  15. ↑ “The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day) - November 02, 2021 - Liturgical Calendar”. 《Catholic Culture》. 2022? 11? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 11? 1?? ???. 
  16. ↑ ? ? ? ? Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8
  17. ↑ Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). 《Women's History in Global Perspective》. University of Illinois Press. 66?. ISBN 978-0-252-02931-8. 2015? 12? 14?? ???. The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared. 
  18. ↑ Nicholas Rogers (2002). 《Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night》. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516896-9. 2011? 10? 31?? ???. Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right. 
  19. ↑ 《Austrian information》. 1965. 2011? 10? 31?? ???. The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice. 
  20. ↑ 《Merriam-Webster's Encyclop?dia of World Religions》. Merriam-Webster. 1999. 408?. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. 2011? 10? 31?? ???. Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date. 
  21. ↑ Roberts, Brian K. (1987). 《The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography》. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30143-6. 2015? 12? 14?? ???. Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day. 
  22. ↑ O’Donnell, Hugh; Foley, Malcolm (2008? 12? 18?). 《Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World》 (??). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 91–92?. ISBN 978-1-4438-0265-9. Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: "thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year's Night (Hog-unnaa) and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many "Hog-unnaa" customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year's Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe'en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round." ... Hutton points out that Rhy's unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. ... Halloween's preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa. 
  23. ↑ ? ? Barr, Beth Allison (2016? 10? 28?). “Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan”. 《The Washington Post》 (??). 2021? 11? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 15?? ???. It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints' and All Souls' that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of "Hallowtide" fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to "paganism" is rather more tenuous. 
  24. ↑ * Moser, Stefan (2010? 10? 29?). “Kein 'Trick or Treat' bei Salzburgs Kelten” (???). Salzburger Nachrichten. 2014? 3? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 8? 11?? ???. Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun", entkr?ftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen. 
    • D?ring, Alois; Bolinius, Erich (2006? 10? 31?), 《Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen》 (???), FDP Emden, Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultauspr?gung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, da? wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen. 
    • H?randner, Editha (2005). 《Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo》 (???). LIT Verlag Münster. 8, 12, 30?. ISBN 978-3-8258-8889-3. Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anf?nge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichm??ig verbreitet. ... Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition ("seit 2000 Jahren") ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. ... So wie viele heimische Br?uche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und d?monenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufkl?rungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als ...heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert. 
    • D?ring, Volkskundler Alois (2011). “Sü?es, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?” (???). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. 2011? 6? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 11? 12?? ???. Dr. Alois D?ring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Br?uche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Br?uche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht D?ring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer h?tten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so D?ring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte. 
  25. ↑ “All Hallows' Eve” (??). British Broadcasting Corporation. 2011? 10? 20?. 2021? 10? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 29?? ???. However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November. 
  26. ↑ ? ? ? ? Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  27. ↑ ? ? Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. p.749
  28. ↑ ? ? Colavito, Jason. Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152
  29. ↑ ? ? ? Paul Fieldhouse (2017? 4? 17?). 《Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions》. ABC-CLIO. 256?. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. 
  30. ↑ Skog, Jason (2008). 《Teens in Finland》. Capstone. 31?. ISBN 978-0-7565-3405-9. Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow's Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased. 
  31. ↑ “All Hallows Eve Service” (PDF). Duke University. 2012? 10? 31?. 2013? 10? 5?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2014? 5? 31?? ???. About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before. 
  32. ↑ “The Christian Observances of Halloween”. 《National Republic》 15: 33. 2009? 5? 5?. Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the "All Hallow's Eve" festival. 
  33. ↑ Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). 《Companion to the Calendar》. Liturgy Training Publications. 160?. ISBN 978-1-56854-011-5. In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church's traditions are lost or confused. 
  34. ↑ Kernan, Joe (2013? 10? 30?). “Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think”. 《Cranston Herald》. 2015? 11? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 10? 31?? ???. By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed. 
  35. ↑ Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). 《Leisure and entertainment in America》. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN 978-0-933728-32-5. 2014? 6? 2?? ???. Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children's festivity. 
  36. ↑ Santino, p. 85
  37. ↑ All Hallows' Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal
  38. ↑ Mahon, Bríd (1991). 《Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink》 (??). Poolbeg Press. 138?. ISBN 978-1-85371-142-8. The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare. 
  39. ↑ Fieldhouse, Paul (2017? 4? 17?). 《Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions》 (??). ABC-CLIO. 254?. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. 2017? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 8? 13?? ???. In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint's Day. 
  40. ↑ Luck, Steve (1998). 〈All Saints' Day〉. 《The American Desk Encyclopedia》 (??). Oxford University Press. 22?. ISBN 978-0-19-521465-9. 
  41. ↑ ? ? ? “DOST: Hallow Evin”. Dsl.ac.uk. 2014? 4? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 10? 13?? ???. 
  42. ↑ The A to Z of Anglicanism (Colin Buchanan), Scarecrow Press, p. 8
  43. ↑ 〈All Hallows' Eve〉. 《???? ????》 ????. ???? ??? ???. ealra halgena m?sse?fen  (?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??)
  44. ↑ 〈Halloween〉. 《???? ????》 ????. ???? ??? ???.  (?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??)
  45. ↑ 〈E'EN, Een〉. 《Scottish National Dictionary (1700–)》. III =. 1952. snd8629. 
  46. ↑ ? ? ? ? Hopwood, James A. (2019). 《Keeping Christmas: Finding Joy in a Season of Excess and Strife》 (??). Wipf and Stock Publishers. 47?. ISBN 978-1-5326-9537-7. The name "Halloween," of course, is a contraction of "All Hallow's Eve." That's the eve of All Saints Day, or All Hallows Day, as it was popularly known in Britain. As with Christmas Eve and the Easter vigil, the celebration of All Saints Day began with a service the night before, on All Hallow's Eve. With All Souls Day on November 2, it formed the feast of Allhallowtide. All Saints Day began in fourth-century Rome as a festival honoring Christian martyrs. By the eighth century, it was expanded to all those remembered as saints, and the date of its observance was moved from May 13 to November 1. That move, of course, put it smack dab on top of Samhain in Britain. But the decision to move the date was not made in Britain; it was made in Rome, where there was no Samhain or anything like it. There is no evidence that any Samhain customs rubbed off on Halloween anywhere because there is no evidence of any Samhain customs at all. 
  47. ↑ ? ? Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  48. ↑ New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations (Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop), Fortress Press, p. 92
  49. ↑ Benham, William (1887). 《The Dictionary of Religion: An Encyclopedia of Christian and Other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, Etc.》 (??). Cassell. 1085?. Vigils were kept at least till midnight before the feasts of martyrs, and those of Easter Eve and Christmas Eve were prolonged till cock-crow. 
  50. ↑ 《Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints》. Church Publishing, Inc. 2010. 662?. ISBN 978-0-89869-678-3. 
  51. ↑ Saunders, William. “All Saints and All Souls”. Catholic Education Resource Center. 2016? 9? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 9? 19?? ???. 
  52. ↑ Melton, J Gordon (editor). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p.22
  53. ↑  Chisholm, Hugh, ??. (1911). 〈All Saints, Festival of〉. 《????? ????》 11?. ????? ??? ???. 
  54. ↑ "All Saints' Day", The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press, 1997. pp.41–42
  55. ↑ McClendon, Charles. "Old Saint Peter's and the Iconoclastic Controversy", in Old Saint Peter's, Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: "Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter's in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor [...] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints".
  56. ↑ ó Carragáin, éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: "Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter's (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm [...] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod [...] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory [...] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold 'relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'".
  57. ↑ Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14
  58. ↑ ? ? ? ? Hutton, p. 364
  59. ↑ 《New Catholic Encyclopedia》 Seco?. 2003. 242–243?. ISBN 0-7876-4004-2. 
  60. ↑ ? ? MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead ??? 29 10? 2015 - ??? ??.
  61. ↑ Burns, Paul (editor). Butler's Saint for the Day. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 516
  62. ↑ Ramdin, Ron. Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press, p. 241
  63. ↑ The World Review – Volume 4, University of Minnesota, p. 255
  64. ↑ Rogers, Nicholas (2001). 《Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night》. Oxford University Press. 28–30?. ISBN 978-0-19-514691-2. 
  65. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? 〈Halloween〉. 《Encyclop?dia Britannica》. 2012? 10? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 10? 25?? ???. 
  66. ↑ ? ? Hutton, pp. 374–375
  67. ↑ ? ? ? ? Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas ??? 4 11? 2013 - ??? ??.
  68. ↑ ? ? Mary Mapes Dodge, ??. (1883). 《St. Nicholas Magazine》. Scribner & Company. 93?. 'Soul-cakes,' which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: 'Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!' 
  69. ↑ DeMello, Margo (2012). 《A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face》. ABC-CLIO. 167?. ISBN 978-1-59884-617-1. Trick-or-treating began as souling an English and Irish tradition in which the poor, wearing masks, would go door to door and beg for soul cakes in exchange for people's dead relatives. 
  70. ↑ Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: "Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice".
  71. ↑ Levene, Alysa (2016). 《Cake: A Slice of History》 (??). Pegasus Books. 44?. ISBN 978-1-68177-108-3. Like the perennial favourites, hot cross buns; they were often marked with a cross to indicate that they were baked as alms. 
  72. ↑ The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1.
  73. ↑ ? ? Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony J. (2016). 《Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend》 (??). ABC-CLIO. 145?. ISBN 978-1-4408-3491-2. Since the 16th century, costumes have become a central part of Halloween traditions. Perhaps the most common traditional Halloween costume is that of the ghost. This is likely because ... when Halloween customs began to be influenced by Catholicism, the incorporation of the themes of All Hallows' and All Souls' Day would have emphasized visitations from the spirit world over the motifs of spirits and fairies. ... The baking and sharing of souls cakes was introduced around the 15th century: in some cultures, the poor would go door to door to collect them in exchange for praying for the dead (a practice called souling), often carrying lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips. Around the 16th century, the practice of going house to house in disguise (a practice called guising) to ask for food began and was often accompanied by recitation of traditional verses (a practice called mumming). Wearing costumes, another tradition, has many possible explanations, such as it was done to confuse the spirits or souls who visited the earth or who rose from local graveyards to engage in what was called a Danse Macabre, basically a large party among the dead. 
  74. ↑ ? ? Rogers, p. 57
  75. ↑ ? ? Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). 《Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned》 (??). University of Pennsylvania Press. 100?. ISBN 978-0-8122-1517-5. Halloween, incorporated into the Christian year as the eve of All Saints Day, marked the return of the souls of the departed and the release of devils who could move freely on that night. Fires lit on that night served to prevent the influence of such spirits and to provide omens for the future. Modern children go from house to house at Halloween with flashlights powered by electric batteries, while jack o'lanterns (perhaps with an actual candle, but often with a lightbulb) glow from windows and porches. 
  76. ↑ Guiley, Rosemary (2008). 《The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca》 (??). Infobase Publishing. 183?. ISBN 978-1-4381-2684-5. According to most legends, the jack-o'-lantern is a wandering soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell. ... In Ireland, children who are caught outdoors after dark are told to wear their jackets inside-out in order not to be lured astray by a jack-o'-lantern. In Sweden, the spirit is believed to be the soul of an unbaptized child, who tries to lead travelers to water in hopes of receiving baptism. ... In American lore, the jack-o'-lantern is associated with withces and the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. It is customary for trick-or-treaters to carry pumpkin jack-o'-lanterns to frighten away evil spirits. 
  77. ↑ Santino, The Hallowed Eve, p. 95
  78. ↑ ? ? ? ? Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383
  79. ↑ Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Constance Adams (1951). Every Day's a Holiday. Harper, 1951. pp.236
  80. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Morton, Lisa (2013? 9? 15?). 《Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween》 (??). Reaktion Books. 129?. ISBN 978-1-78023-055-9. 
  81. ↑ Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). 《Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue》. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-596-3. 2017? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 10? 31?? ???. 
  82. ↑ Bannatyne, Lesley (1998). 《Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History》 (??). Pelican Publishing Company. 19?. ISBN 978-1-4556-0553-8. Villagers were also encouraged to masquerade on this day, not to frighten unwelcome spirits, but to honor Christian saints. On All Saints' Day, churches throughout Europe and the British Isles displayed relics of their patron saints. Poor churches could not afford genuine relics and instead had processions in which parishioners dressed as saints, angels and devils. It served the new church by giving an acceptable Christian basis to the custom of dressing up on Halloween. 
  83. ↑ Morrow, Ed (2001). 《The Halloween Handbook》 (??). Kensington Publishing Corporation. 19?. ISBN 978-0-8065-2227-2. Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows' Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night. 
  84. ↑ "Eve of All Saints", Using Common Worship: Times and Seasons – All Saints to Candlemas (David Kennedy), Church House Publishing, p. 42
  85. ↑ Bannatyne, Lesley. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p. 9
  86. ↑ Perry, Edward Baxter. Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works; For the Use of Teachers, Players, and Music Clubs. Theodore Presser Company, 1902. p. 276
  87. ↑ Allmand, Christopher (1998). 《The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c. 1415–c. 1500》. Cambridge University Press. 210?. ISBN 978-0-521-38296-0. 2016? 4? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 10? 19?? ???. 
  88. ↑ Reimer, Margaret Loewen (2018). 《Approaching the Divine: Signs and Symbols of the Christian Faith》 (??). Wipf and Stock Publishers. 85?. ISBN 978-1-5326-5675-0. Christians in Europe envisioned a danse macabre, a hideous dance by the spirits of the dead who arose from the churchyards for a wild carnival each year. This dance, commonly depicted on the walls of cathedrals, monasteries and cemeteries, may well be the origin of the macabre costumes we don on Halloween. 
  89. ↑ DeSpelder, Lynne Ann; Strickland, Albert Lee (2009). 《The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying》 (??). McGraw-Hill Education. 107?. ISBN 978-0-07-340546-9. More subtly, images associated with the danse macabre persist in the form of skeletons and other scary regalia found on children's Halloween costumes. 
  90. ↑ 《Books & Culture: A Christian Review》. Christianity Today. 1999. 12?. 2016? 4? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society...both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows' Eve. 
  91. ↑ Hutton, p. 372
  92. ↑ Santino, Jack (2021? 10? 21?). 《The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival in Northern Ireland》 (??). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-8458-6. 
  93. ↑ The Episcopal Church, its teaching and worship (Latta Griswold), E.S. Gorham, p. 110
  94. ↑ ? ? Mosteller, Angie (2014? 7? 2?). 《Christian Origins of Halloween》. Rose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59636-535-3. In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months. 
  95. ↑ Aston, Margaret. Broken Idols of the English Reformation. Cambridge University Press, 2015. pp.475–477
  96. ↑ Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs (Daniel Diehl, Mark Donnelly), Stackpole Books, p. 17
  97. ↑ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  98. ↑ Hutton, Ronald (2001). 《Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain》 (??). Oxford University Press. 369, 373?. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7. Fires were indeed lit in England on All Saints' Day, notably in Lancashire, and may well ultimately have descended from the same rites, but were essentially party of a Christian ceremony ... families still assembled at the midnight before All Saints' Day in the early nineteenth century. Each did so on a hill near its homestead, one person holding a large bunch of burning straw on the end of a fork. The rest in a circle around and prayed for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames burned out. The author who recorded this custom added that it gradually died out in the latter part of the century, but that before it had been very common and at nearby Whittingham such fires could be seen all around the horizon at Hallowe'en. He went on to say that the name 'Purgatory Field', found across northern Lancashire, testified to an even wider distribution and that the rite itself was called 'Teen'lay'. 
  99. ↑ O'Donnell, Hugh and Foley, Malcolm. "Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World" ??? 31 10? 2022 - ??? ??. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008. p.35
  100. ↑ 《The Catholic World, Vol. 138: A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science》 (??) 138. Paulist Press. 1934. There is proof that this shifting of customs from one day to another really took place. For until the end of the eighteenth century, children in some Derbyshire parishes, instead of lighting bonfires with the rest of England on November 5th, lit their furze fires called 'tindles' on All Souls night. And even then, the educated folk of the districts concerned, declared that these fires were a relic of papistical days when they were lit at night to guide the poor souls back to earth. 
  101. ↑ ? ? Morton, Lisa. The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland, 2003. p. 9
  102. ↑ Fieldhouse, Paul (2017? 4? 17?). 《Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]》 (??). ABC-CLIO. 19?. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. 
  103. ↑ Richard Ford (1855). 《A Handbook for Travellers in Spain》 (??). John Murray. 208?. 
  104. ↑ Boenig, Robert. Anglo-Saxon Spirituality: Selected Writings. Paulist Press, 2000. p. 7
  105. ↑ Santino, Jack. The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival of Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. p. 95
  106. ↑ Rogers, Nicholas. "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  107. ↑ “How Halloween Traditions Are Rooted in the Ancient Pagan Festival of Samhain”. 《Time》 (??). 2019? 12? 4?? ???. 
  108. ↑ A Pocket Guide To Superstitions of the British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6
  109. ↑ All Hallows' Eve ??? 3 11? 2011 - ??? ?? BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  110. ↑ ó hógáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 402
  111. ↑ ? ? ? Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp. 365–369
  112. ↑ “Snap Apple Night, or All-Hallow Eve. January 1, 1845”. Metmuseum.org. 2021? 10? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2021? 10? 19?? ???. In October 1832 Daniel Maclise attended a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland and, the next summer, exhibited a painting at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, titled "Snap Apple Night, or All Hallow Eve." 
  113. ↑ ? ? Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p. 407
  114. ↑ Hutton, p. 361
  115. ↑ Monaghan, p. 41
  116. ↑ O'Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 236
  117. ↑ Monaghan, Patricia (2014). 《The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore》. Infobase publishing. 167?. 
  118. ↑ Monaghan, Patricia (2009? 1? 1?). 《The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore》. Infobase Publishing. 167?. ISBN 978-1-4381-1037-0. 2016? 4? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 10? 19?? ???. They were both respected and feared. "Their backs towards us, their faces away from us, and may God and Mary save us from harm," was a prayer spoken whenever one ventured near their dwellings. 
  119. ↑ Santino, p. 105
  120. ↑ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. p. 200
  121. ↑ Evans-Wentz, Walter (1911). The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. p. 44.
  122. ↑ McNeill, F. Marian (1961). The Silver Bough, Volume 3. p. 34.
  123. ↑ "Halloween". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclop?dia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012.
  124. ↑ ? ? McNeill, The Silver Bough, Volume 3, pp. 11–46
  125. ↑ Hutton, p. 379
  126. ↑ ? ? Hutton, p. 380
  127. ↑ Danaher, Kevin. "Irish Folk Tradition and the Celtic Calendar", in The Celtic Consciousness, ed. Robert O'Driscoll. Braziller, 1981. pp. 218–227
  128. ↑ Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Chapter 63, Part 1: On the Fire-festivals in general ??? 12 10? 2013 - ??? ??.
  129. ↑ MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 18: Festivals ??? 12 10? 2013 - ??? ??.
  130. ↑ Hutton, pp. 366, 380
  131. ↑ “Halloween traditions”. Welsh Government. 2016. 2017? 10? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 10? 2?? ???. 
  132. ↑ Rosinsky, Natalie M. (2002). 《Halloween》. Capstone Publishers. 8?. ISBN 978-0-7565-0392-5. Christian leaders made old Celtic and Roman customs into new Christian ones. Bonfires were once lighted against evil spirits. Now, they kept away the devil. 
  133. ↑ MacDonald, Sarah; Service, Catholic News (2017? 10? 19?). “From turnips to potatoes to pumpkins: Irish folklife expert says Jack-O-Lanterns began in Ireland”. 2021? 2? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 12? 7?? ???. 
  134. ↑ ? ? McNeill, F. Marian. Hallowe'en: its origin, rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition. Albyn Press, 1970. pp. 29–31
  135. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Hutton, pp. 379–383
  136. ↑ Hole, Christina. British Folk Customs. Hutchinson, 1976. p. 91
  137. ↑ Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 2. 1855. pp. 308–309
  138. ↑ Palmer, Kingsley. Oral folk-tales of Wessex. David & Charles, 1973. pp. 87–88
  139. ↑ Wilson, David Scofield. Rooted in America: Foodlore of Popular Fruits and Vegetables. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1999. p. 154
  140. ↑ Ott, Cindy. Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon. University of Washington Press, 2012. p. 42
  141. ↑ Bannatyne, p. 45
  142. ↑ Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 21 (John Wilkes), R. G. Gunnell and Co., p. 544
  143. ↑ Santino, Jack. All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life. University of Illinois Press, 1995. p.153
  144. ↑ Morton, Lisa (2003). 《The Halloween Encyclopedia》. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1524-3. 
  145. ↑ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 74. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  146. ↑ “Is Halloween celebrated in Asia?”. 《Asia Media Centre | New Zealand》. 2020? 10? 29?. 2022? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 31?? ???. 
  147. ↑ The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Infobase Publishing, p. 183
  148. ↑ Dante's "Commedia" and the Poetics of Christian Catabasis (Lee Foust), ProQuest, p. 15
  149. ↑ The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits (Rosemary Guiley), Guinness World Records Limited, p. 178
  150. ↑ Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman), Taylor & Francis, p. 320
  151. ↑ ? ? The Oxford companion to American food and drink p. 269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011
  152. ↑ ? ? ? Leslie, Frank (2009? 2? 5?). 《Frank Leslie's popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, pp. 540–543》. 2011? 5? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 10? 23?? ???. 
  153. ↑ Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle", in Twice-Told Tales, 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!
  154. ↑ As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. "The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially" ??? 5 8? 2016 - ??? ??, The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. "Odd Ornaments for Table" ??? 5 8? 2016 - ??? ??, The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12.
  155. ↑ The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams (Charles Adolph Huttar, Peter J. Schakel), Bucknell University Press, p. 155
  156. ↑ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  157. ↑ A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art (Gertrude Grace Sill), Simon & Schuster, p. 64
  158. ↑ In flagrante collecto (Marilynn Gelfman Karp), Abrams, p. 299
  159. ↑ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 115
  160. ↑ Mayne, John. “Halloween”. 《PoetryExplorer》. 2022? 11? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 11? 24?? ???. 
  161. ↑ Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Crawford, Thomas (1960). 《Burns: A Study of the Poems and Songs》. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0055-9. 2016? 4? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 11? 27?? ???.  Stanford University Press, 1960
  162. ↑ Simpson, Jacqueline "All Saints' Day" in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001) London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p. 14 "Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural".
  163. ↑ Herberholz, Donald; Herberholz, Barbara (1990). 《Artworks for Elementary Teachers: Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness》. W.C. Brown. 16?. 
  164. ↑ Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face (Margo DeMello), ABC-CLIO, p. 225
  165. ↑ A Student's Guide to A2 Performance Studies for the OCR Specification (John Pymm), Rhinegold Publishing Ltd, p. 28
  166. ↑ Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art, Volume 1 (Thomas Green), ABC-CLIO p. 566
  167. ↑ Interacting communities: studies on some aspects of migration and urban ethnology (Zsuzsa Szarvas), Hungarian Ethnographic Society, p. 314
  168. ↑ The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature (David Scott Kastan), Oxford University Press, p. 47
  169. ↑ "Mumming Play", Encyclop?dia Britannica
  170. ↑ Carmichael, Sherman (2012). 《Legends and Lore of South Carolina》. The History Press. 70?. ISBN 978-1-60949-748-4. The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling. 
  171. ↑ Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (2014? 1? 1?). 《Halloween Delights》. Whispering Pine Press International. 33?. ISBN 978-1-59434-181-6. The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door "souling" for cakes or money by singing a song. 
  172. ↑ ? ? ? ? “Ten trick-or-treating facts for impressive bonfire chats”. 《The Irish Times》. 2014? 10? 31?. 2021? 1? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 28?? ???. Scotland and Ireland started tricking: A few decades later a practice called ‘guising’ was in full swing in Scotland and Ireland. Short for ‘disguising’, children would go out from door to door dressed in costume and rather than pledging to pray, they would tell a joke, sing a song or perform another sort of "trick" in exchange for food or money. The expression trick or treat has only been used at front doors for the last 10 to 15 years. Before that "Help the Halloween Party" seems to have been the most popular phrase to holler. 
  173. ↑ ? ? 〈Definition of "guising"〉. 《Collins English Dictionary》. (in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people's houses, esp at Halloween 
  174. ↑ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p. 76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3
  175. ↑ Kelley, Ruth Edna. The Book of Hallowe'en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. "Hallowe'en in America" ??? 23 4? 2016 - ??? ??.
  176. ↑ Kelley, Ruth Edna. “Hallowe'en in America”. 2013? 10? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  177. ↑ Theo. E. Wright, "A Halloween Story", St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135.
  178. ↑ ? ? "'Trick or Treat' Is Demand", Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), 4 November 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, 3 November
  179. ↑ For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery ??? 24 11? 2010 - ??? ??, Antique Hallowe'en Postcards ??? 19 7? 2006 - ??? ??, Vintage Halloween Postcards ??? 23 7? 2008 - ??? ??.
  180. ↑ "Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop", Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934; and "The Gangsters of Tomorrow", The Helena Independent (Helena, Montana), 2 November 1934, p. 4. The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois, on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term 'trick-or-treating'. "Front Views and Profiles" (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17.
  181. ↑ Moss, Doris Hudson. "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home, November 1939, p. 48.
  182. ↑ Bluff Park (Heather Jones Skaggs), Arcadia Publishing, p. 117
  183. ↑ "Trunk-or-Treat", The Chicago Tribune
  184. ↑ Suggested Themes for "Trunks" for Trunk or Treat (Dail R. Faircloth), First Baptist Church of Royal Palm Beach
  185. ↑ "Trunk or Treat focuses on fun, children's safety", Desert Valley Times
  186. ↑ "Trunk or Treat! Halloween Tailgating Grows" (Fernanda Santos), The New York Times
  187. ↑ Bradley, Michael (2018? 10? 24?). “A very Derry Halloween: a carnival of frights, fireworks and parade”. 《The Guardian》. 2018? 10? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 10? 25?? ???. 
  188. ↑ Miller, Marian (1932? 10? 31?). “Halloween Jollity Within Reason Need”. 《The Morning Oregonian》. 8?.  Quote: "Trick or treat?" the youthful mischief-maker will say this evening, probably, as he rings the doorbell of a neighbor."
  189. ↑ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 114
  190. ↑ Memento Mori, Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri
  191. ↑ Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (2006? 5? 31?). “UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program”. CTV. 2007? 10? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2006? 10? 29?? ???. 
  192. ↑ “History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign”. UNICEF Canada. 2008. 2009? 6? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 10? 25?? ???. 
  193. ↑ Village Halloween Parade. “History of the Parade”. 2014? 7? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 9? 19?? ???. 
  194. ↑ Fadel, Leila (2019? 10? 29?). “Cultural Appropriation, A Perennial Issue On Halloween”. NPR. 2019? 10? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 11? 14?? ???. 
  195. ↑ Escobar, Sam; Robin, Marci (2020? 10? 5?). “15 Offensive Halloween Costumes That Shouldn't Exist”. Good Housekeeping. 2020? 10? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 16?? ???. 
  196. ↑ Park, Sumner (2020? 10? 2?). “Pinterest is prohibiting culturally inappropriate Halloween costumes”. Fox News. 2020? 10? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 16?? ???. 
  197. ↑ Keshner, Andrew (2018? 10? 17?). “Instagram-loving pets owners will spend nearly $500M on animal costumes this Halloween”. 《MarketWatch》. 2018? 10? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 10? 17?? ???. 
  198. ↑ Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (2011? 4? 13?). 《Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs》 (??). Stackpole Books. 17?. ISBN 978-0-8117-4430-0. All Hallows' Eve. A time of spiritual unrest, when the souls of the dead, along with ghosts and evil spirits, were believed to walk the land. Church bells were run and fires lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk. Barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effects of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveld the earth. Although a rare few continued to divine the future, cast spells, and tell ghost stories in rural communities, woe to anyone who was denounced to the church for engaging in such activities. These may seem like innocent fun today, but it was deadly serious stuff during the Middle Ages. 
  199. ↑ MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp. 61, 107
  200. ↑ "Apple dookers make record attempt" ??? 28 5? 2012 - ??? ??, BBC News, 2 October 2008
  201. ↑ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. pp. 202–205
  202. ↑ Danaher (1972), p. 223
  203. ↑ McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Volume III. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp. 11–46
  204. ↑ Danaher (1972), p. 219
  205. ↑ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, pp. 33–34
  206. ↑ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, p. 34
  207. ↑ Hollister, Helen (1917). 〈Halloween Frolics〉. 《Parlor Games for the Wise and Otherwise》. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Company. 98?. 8 December 2015? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  208. ↑ “Vintage Halloween Cards”. Vintage Holiday Crafts. 2008? 1? 21?. 2009? 9? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 10? 28?? ???. 
  209. ↑ “Preschool Halloween Fast Facts”. 《Everything Preschool》. 2020? 11? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 31?? ???. 
  210. ↑ “Traditional Irish Halloween games try to marry off young girls”. 《IrishCentral.com》. 2018? 10? 15?. 2016? 4? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 31?? ???. 
  211. ↑ “Halloween in Irish Folklore | Irish Archaeology”. 《irisharchaeology.ie》. 2015? 10? 30?. 2020? 11? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 31?? ???. 
  212. ↑ “Tricks and treats”. 《Irish Examiner》. 2010? 10? 30?. 2021? 4? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 31?? ???. 
  213. ↑ “Clay”. 《www.cliffsnotes.com》. 2020? 11? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 31?? ???. 
  214. ↑ Madden, Ed (2008? 10? 31?). “Teaching Joyce”. 《James Joyce Quarterly》 46 (1): 133. doi:10.1353/jjq.0.0133. ISSN 0021-4183. S2CID 201751292. 2018? 6? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 31?? ??? – Project MUSE ??. 
  215. ↑ Attridge, Derek; Attridge, Professor of English Derek (2000? 3? 16?). 《Joyce Effects: On Language, Theory, and History》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77788-9 – Google Books ??. 
  216. ↑ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough Volume III, p. 34
  217. ↑ Day, Frances A. (2003? 5? 30?). 《Latina and Latino Voices in Literature: Lives and Works, Updated and Expanded》 (??). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 72?. ISBN 978-0-313-05851-6. On October 31, All Hallows Eve, the children make a children's altar, to invite angelitos (spirits of dead children) to come back for a visit. November 1 is All Saints Day, and the adult spirits will come to visit. November 2 is All Souls Day, when the families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives. 
  218. ↑ Greg Ryan (2008? 9? 17?). “A Model of Mayhem”. 《Hudson Valley Magazine》. 2011? 5? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 10? 6?? ???. 
  219. ↑ Warner, Adam (2014? 10? 27?). “The History of Haunted Houses: A Fight for Frights as Tastes Change”. 《NBC Bay Area》. 2014? 10? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 7? 21?? ???. 
  220. ↑ McKendry, Bekah (March 2014). “The History of Haunted Houses!”. 《America Haunts》. 2014? 3? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 7? 21?? ???. 
  221. ↑ Morton, Lisa (2012? 9? 28?). 《Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween》 (paperback). United Kingdom: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-047-4. 
  222. ↑ Surrell, Jason (2009? 8? 11?). 《Haunted Mansion: From The Magic Kingdom To The Movies》 (paperback). Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-1895-4. 
  223. ↑ Celestino, Mike (2016? 9? 28?). “Knott's Scary Farm remains the ideal Southern California Halloween theme park event for the 2016 season”. 《Inside The Magic》. Distant Creations Group, LLC. 2016? 9? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 7? 22?? ???. 
  224. ↑ Lum, Kathryn Gin (2014? 10? 30?). “These evangelical haunted houses are designed to show sinners that they're going to hell”. 《The Washington Post》. 2014? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 7? 22?? ???. 
  225. ↑ “Classic Haunts From Cincinnati's Past”. 《House of Doom》. 2012. 2012? 4? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 8? 8?? ???. 
  226. ↑ “A757914”. 《Catalog of Copyright Entries》. Third Series 30: xliii. July–December 1976. ISSN 0041-7815. 2020? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 7? 22?? ???. 
  227. ↑ Gruson, Lindsey (1984? 5? 19?). “Blaze Fatal to 8 Linked to Lighter”. 《The New York Times》. 2009? 5? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2006? 11? 20?? ???. 
  228. ↑ “Fires in History: The Haunted Castle”. 2017? 3? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 8? 9?? ???. 
  229. ↑ “8 Killed by Smoky Fire in Park's 'Haunted Castle'”. 《The Washington Post》. 1984? 5? 12?. 2017? 8? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  230. ↑ “The Haunted Castle, Revisited – NFPA Journal”. nfpa.org. 2017? 8? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 8? 9?? ???. 
  231. ↑ “Spooky and Safe”. nfpa.org. 2017? 8? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 8? 9?? ???. 
  232. ↑ “Horror in a Haunted Castle” (PDF). 2015? 2? 15?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2017? 9? 29?? ???. 
  233. ↑ Barnes, Brooks (25 October 2011). “The Real Scare Is Not Being Scary”. 《The New York Times》. 30 July 2017? ?? ???? ??? ??. 12 July 2017? ???. 
  234. ↑ Munarriz, Rick Aristotle (23 October 2014). “Halloween Is Raking in Scary Profits for Theme Parks”. AOL.com/Finance. 7 November 2017? ?? ???? ??? ??. 3 November 2017? ???. 
  235. ↑ Mader, Isabel (2014? 9? 30?). “Halloween Colcannon”. 《Simmer Magazine》. 2014? 10? 5?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 10? 3?? ???. All Hallow's Eve was a Western (Anglo) Christian holiday that revolved around commemorating the dead using humor to intimidate death itself. Like all holidays, All Hallow's Eve involved traditional treats. The church encouraged an abstinence from meat, which created many vegetarian dishes. 
  236. ↑ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990", Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  237. ↑ “Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy”. 《Snopes.com》. 2000? 11? 2?. 2021? 10? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 10? 31?? ???. 
  238. ↑ Nixon, Robin (2010? 10? 27?). “Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth?”. LiveScience. 2012? 1? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 1? 23?? ???. 
  239. ↑ ? ? “Top ten Irish Halloween traditions and memories you may share”. Ireland Central. 2018? 10? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 10? 23?? ???. 
  240. ↑ “Spooky twist on classic Cadbury Creme Egg in time for Halloween”. 《Derby Telegraph》. 2023? 8? 25?? ???. 
  241. ↑ Crocker, B. (2012). 《Betty Crocker Halloween Cookbook》. Betty Crocker Cooking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 132?. ISBN 978-0-544-17814-4. 
  242. ↑ Hood, K.J.M. (2014). 《Halloween Delights Cookbook: A Collection of Halloween Recipes》. Cookbook Delights Holiday Series. Whispering Pine Press International, Incorporated. 119–138?. ISBN 978-1-59434-181-6. 
  243. ↑ McCrum, Kirstie (2015? 10? 14?). “Trick or treat? Halloween cakes look horrifying but are they devilishly tasty?”. 《Irish Mirror》. 2016? 2? 6?? ???. 
  244. ↑ Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1998? 8? 1?). 《Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History》. Pelican Publishing. 12?. ISBN 978-1-56554-346-1. 2017? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 11? 1?? ???. Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve. 
  245. ↑ Feasting and Fasting: Canada's Heritage Celebrations (Dorothy Duncan), Dundurn, p. 249
  246. ↑ “BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve”. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. 2011? 11? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 11? 1?? ???. All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. 
  247. ↑ Andrew James Harvey (2012? 10? 31?). “'All Hallows' Eve'”. 《The Patriot Post》. 2013? 4? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 11? 1?? ???. "The vigil of the hallows" refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or "Halloween" for short – a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century. 
  248. ↑ “Vigil of All Saints”. Catholic News Agency. 2012? 10? 31?. 2013? 5? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 11? 1?? ???. The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end. 
  249. ↑ “Night of Light Beginnings”. Cor et Lumen Christi Community. 2013? 10? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 11? 2?? ???. In its first year – 2000 AD – over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the US and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up by other Christians who while keeping its essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions. 
  250. ↑ “Here's to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery”. 《The Telegraph》. 2010? 11? 6?. 2013? 4? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 11? 6?? ???. One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows' Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States.

    The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children's fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit.     
  251. ↑ Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). 《An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church》. Church Publishing, Inc. 7?. ISBN 978-0-89869-211-2. 2016? 7? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 11? 1?? ???. The BOS notes that "suitable festivities and entertainments" may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place. 
  252. ↑ Infeld, Joanna (2008? 12? 1?). 《In-Formation》. D & J Holdings LLC. 150?. ISBN 978-0-9760512-4-4. 2012? 11? 1?? ???. My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones. 
  253. ↑ Doward, Jamie (2017? 10? 28?). “Halloween light parties put a Christian spin on haunted celebrations”. 《The Guardian》. 
  254. ↑ Teens in Finland (Jason Skog), Capstone, p. 61
  255. ↑ “Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween”. The Church of England. 2012? 5? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 10? 28?? ???. Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It's high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween," says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter. 
  256. ↑ “Halloween and All Saints Day”. newadvent.org. n.d. 16 October 2006? ?? ???? ??? ??. 22 October 2006? ???. 
  257. ↑ 《The Anglican Breviary》. Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1955. 1514 (E494)?. 23 April 2016? ?? ???? ??? ??. 12 November 2015? ???. 
  258. ↑ “Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship”. The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 2005? 10? 21?. 2007? 2? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2006? 10? 22?? ???. 
  259. ↑ Halloween, Hallowed Is Thy Name (Smith), p. 29
  260. ↑ Allen, Travis (2011). “Christians and Halloween”. Church Publishing, Inc. 2011? 10? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 10? 31?? ???. Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called 'Harvest Festivals', 'Hallelujah Night' or 'Reformation Festivals' – the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes. 
  261. ↑ Halloween tracts serve as tool to spread gospel to children (Curry), Baptist Press
  262. ↑ Woods, Robert (2013). 《Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture》. ABC-CLIO. 239?. ISBN 978-0-313-38654-1. Evangelicals have found opportunities with both Christmas and Easter to use Christian candy to re-inject religion into these traditionally Christian holidays and boldly reclaim them as their own. They have increasingly begun to use Halloween, the most candy-centric holiday, as an opportunity for evangelism. Contained in small packages featuring Bible verses, Scripture Candy's "Harvest Seeds" – candy corn in everything but name – are among many candies created for this purpose. 
  263. ↑ D'Augostine, Lori (2013? 9? 20?). “Suffer Not the Trick-or-Treaters”. CBN. 2013? 10? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 10? 23?? ???. 
  264. ↑ Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo.
  265. ↑ Gyles Brandreth, "The Devil is gaining ground" The Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000.
  266. ↑ “Salem 'Saint Fest' restores Christian message to Halloween”. rcab.org. n.d. 2006? 9? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2006? 10? 22?? ???. 
  267. ↑ “Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November”. All Saints Parish. n.d. 20 November 2006? ?? ???? ??? ??. 22 November 2006? ???. 
  268. ↑ Portaro, Sam (1998? 1? 25?). 《A Companion to the Lesser Feasts and Fasts》. Cowley Publications. 199?. ISBN 978-1-4616-6051-4. All Saints' Day is the centerpiece of an autumn triduum. In the carnival celebrations of All Hallows' Eve our ancestors used the most powerful weapon in the human arsenal, the power of humor and ridicule to confront the power of death. The following day, in the commemoration of All Saints, we gave witness to the victory of incarnate goodness embodied in remarkable deeds and doers triumphing over the misanthropy of darkness and devils. And in the commemoration of All Souls we proclaimed the hope of common mortality expressed in our aspirations and expectations of a shared eternity. 
  269. ↑ "Halloween's Christian Roots" AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  270. ↑ Bucci, Rich (2016). “Catholic Elementary Schools to Celebrate Halloween with Costume Parades on Friday, October 28 & Monday, October 31” (??). The Catholic Schools of Broome County. 2018? 10? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2018? 10? 2?? ???. 
  271. ↑ “School holidays”. Department of Education Northern Ireland. 2023? 9? 26?? ???. 
  272. ↑ “Schools 'must reopen' after Halloween break”. 《Irish News》. 2023? 9? 26?? ???. Catholic school chiefs have insisted that the extended Halloween holiday must not be stretched out any further. 
  273. ↑ Suarez, Essdras (2007? 10? 29?). “Some Christians use 'Hell Houses' to reach out on Halloween”. 《USA Today》. 2021? 4? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 11? 7?? ???. While some Christians aren't certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. ...Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy. 
  274. ↑ “'Trick?' or 'Treat?' – Unmasking Halloween”. The Restored Church of God. n.d. 25 April 2012? ?? ???? ??? ??. 21 September 2007? ???. 
  275. ↑ Do Orthodox Christians Observe Halloween? by Saint Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church
  276. ↑ The Jewish Life Cycle: rites of passage from biblical to modern times (Ivan G. Marcus), University of Washington Press, p. 232
  277. ↑ “Jews and Halloween”. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 2012? 7? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 3? 5?? ???. 
  278. ↑ A Jewish exploration of halloween ??? 31 10? 2016 - ??? ?? The Jewish Journal
  279. ↑ Pitofsky, Marina (2022? 3? 15?). “What day is Purim? Here's what you need to know about the Jewish holiday”. 《USA Today》. 2022? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 31?? ???. 
  280. ↑ A. Idris Palmer, 《Halloween: Through Muslim Eyes》 (PDF), Al Huda Institute Canada, 2009? 11? 4?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??, 2015? 11? 11?? ??? 
  281. ↑ “Halloween is 'haram,' declares Malaysia fatwa council”. 《Al Arabiya English》 (??). 2014? 10? 29?. 2020? 10? 15?? ???. 
  282. ↑ Tuesday, 28 October 2014 11:41 AM MYT (2014? 10? 28?). “Trick or treat? Fatwa Council bars Muslims from celebrating Halloween | Malay Mail”. 《www.malaymail.com》 (??). 2020? 10? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 15?? ???. 
  283. ↑ “Fatawa – Is it forbidden for Muslims to celebrate days such as valentine's day and halloween?”. 《Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah》. 2020? 10? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 10? 15?? ???. 
  284. ↑ Lauren Stengele (2012? 10? 25?), 《Halloween in India?》, Vision Nationals, 2015? 12? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??, 2015? 11? 11?? ??? 
  285. ↑ Vineet Chander (2009? 10? 30?), 《Trick or Treat? Not quite sure.》, Beliefnet, 2015? 12? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??, 2015? 11? 11?? ??? 
  286. ↑ Soumya Dasgupta (2009? 11? 5?), “Should Indians Celebrate Foreign Festivals Like Halloween?”, 《The Wall Street Journal》, 2015? 6? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ?? 
  287. ↑ ? ? George, Stephanie (2010? 10? 25?). “Real-life witches that don't celebrate Halloween”. The Manitoban. 2014? 5? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 5? 29?? ???. 
  288. ↑ Should Pagans Celebrate Halloween? (Wicasta Lovelace), Pagan Centric
  289. ↑ Halloween, From a Wiccan/Neopagan perspective (B.A. Robinson), Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
  290. ↑ Halloween fire calls 'every 90 seconds' ??? 2 11? 2010 - ??? ?? UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010
  291. ↑ McCann, Chris (2010? 10? 28?). “Halloween firework injuries are on the increase”. 《The Belfast Telegraph》. 2012? 7? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 11? 22?? ???. 
  292. ↑ “Kalan -Goa?v ha Marv”. Tartanplace.com. 2001? 7? 12?. 2013? 1? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 11? 1?? ???. 
  293. ↑ “?Cómo se introduce la fiesta de Halloween en Chile?”. 《noticias.universia.cl》. 2016? 10? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 10? 11?? ???. 
  294. ↑ Paul Kent (2010? 10? 27?). “Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia”. 《Herald Sun》. 2020? 10? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 10? 7?? ???. 
  295. ↑ Denton, Hannah (2010? 10? 30?). “Safe treats for kids on year's scariest night”. 《The New Zealand Herald》. 2010? 11? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 11? 22?? ???. 
  296. ↑ “Usein kysytty? (FAQ)” (????). Helsingin yliopiston almanakkatoimisto. 2015? 9? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 9? 28?? ???. 
  297. ↑ ??? (2023? 10? 30?). “'??? 3? ??' ???, ?? ???…"??? ? ??" ?”. 《????》. 2024? 11? 9?? ???. 
  298. ↑ Doherty, Brennan (2023? 10? 15?). “Why Americans may spend $12bn on Halloween in 2023”. 《BBC News》. 2023? 10? 17?? ???. 

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